The Slave Dynasty Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-10)

A Turkish slave by origin, he was purchased by Mohammad Ghori who later made him his Governor.
After the death of Ghori, Aibak became the master of
Hindustan & founded the Slave Dynasty in 1206.
The capital during his reign was not Delhi but Lahore.
For his generosity, he was given the title of Lakh Bakhsh
(giver of lakhs).
He died in 1210 while playing Chaugan or Polo.
He constructed two mosques i.e. Quwat-ul-Islam at Delhi & Adhai din ka Jhohpra at Ajmer.
He also began the construction of Qutub Minar, in the honor of the famous Sufi Saint Khwaja Qutibuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki.
Aibak was a great patron of learning & patronized writers like Hasan-un-Nizami, author of ‘Taj-ul- Massir’ & Fakhruddin, author of ‘Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi’.

Aram Shah (1210)

He was the son of Aibak, who was defeated by Illtutmish in the battle of Jud.

He was a slave of Qutubuddin Aibak of the Mamluke tribe & occupied the throne of Delhi in 1211.
Illtutmish began his career as Sar-e Jandhar or royal bodyguard.
He was a very capable ruler & is regarded as the ‘real founder of the Delhi Sultanate’.
He made Delhi the capital in place of Lahore.
He saved Delhi Sultanate from the attack of Chengiz Khan, the Mongol leader, by refusing shelter to Khwarizm Shah, whom Chengiz was chasing.
He introduced the silver coin (tanka) & the copper coin (jital).
He organized the Iqta System & introduced reforms in civil administration & army, which was now centrally paid & recruited.
He set up an official nobility of slaves known as Chahalgani/ Chalisa (group of forty).
He completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Aibak.
He patronized Minhaj-us-Siraj, author of ‘Tabaqat-i- Nasiri’.

He was the son of Illtutmish & was crowned by her mother, Shah Turkan, after the death of Illtutmish.
He was deposed by Razia, daughter of Illtutmish.

Iltutmish had nominated his daughter Razia as the successor, the nobles placed Ruknuddin Feroz on the throne.
She was the ‘first & only Muslim lady who ever ruled India’.
She use to rule without the veil
She further offended the nobles by her preference for an Abyssian slave Yakut.
The wazir of Illtutmish Junnaidi revolted against her but was defeated.
There was a serious rebellion in Bhatinda, Altunia, governor of Bhatinda refused to accept suzerainty of Razia. Razia accompanied by Yakut marched against Altunia.
However, Altuna got Yakut murdered & imprisoned Razia.
Subsequently, Razia was married to Altunia & both of them marched towards Delhi as nobles in Delhi raised Bahram Shah (3rd son of Illtutmish) to throne.
In 1240 AD, Razia became the victim of a conspiracy & was assassinated near Kaithal (Haryana).
Bahram Shah: 1240-42
Iltutamish’s third son Bahram Shah was put on the throne by
powerful Turkish council Chalisa.
He was killed by Turkish nobles.

He was son of Ruknuddin Feroz.
He was disposed of after Balban & Nasiruddin Mahmud’s Mother, Malika-e-Jahan, conspired against him & established Nasiruddin Mahamud as the new Sultan.

After the death of Nasiruddin; Balban ascended the throne in 1266.
He broke the power of Chalisa & restored the prestige of the crown. He made kingship a serious profession.
The Persian court model influenced Balban’s conception of Kingship. He took up the title of Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God).
He introduced Sijda (prostration before the monarch) & Paibos (kissing the feet of the monarch) as the normal forms of salutation.
The divine right of the king was emphasized by calling himself Zil-i-Ilahi.
He gave great emphasis on justice & maintaining law & order.
He established the military department Diwan-i-Arz.
In his last days he overlooked Sultanate affairs due to the death of his eldest & most loving son, Muhammad, & rebellion by his closest & most loved slave, Tughril. Muhammad died fighting Mongolians in 1285 & Tughril was captured & beheaded.

He was the grandson of Balban was established on the throne by Fakruddin, the Kotwal of Delhi
But Kaiqubad was killed by nobles Kaimur
He was the minor son of Kaiqubad who came to the throne at an age of 3
He was the last Illbari ruler.
The Khalji nobles revolted against him & he was killed within three months.